\(\newcommand{\footnotename}{footnote}\) \(\def \LWRfootnote {1}\) \(\newcommand {\footnote }[2][\LWRfootnote ]{{}^{\mathrm {#1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\footnotemark }[1][\LWRfootnote ]{{}^{\mathrm {#1}}}\) \(\let \LWRorighspace \hspace \) \(\renewcommand {\hspace }{\ifstar \LWRorighspace \LWRorighspace }\) \(\newcommand {\mathnormal }[1]{{#1}}\) \(\newcommand \ensuremath [1]{#1}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRframebox }[2][]{\fbox {#2}} \newcommand {\framebox }[1][]{\LWRframebox } \) \(\newcommand {\setlength }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\addtolength }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\setcounter }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\addtocounter }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\arabic }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\number }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\noalign }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\) \(\newcommand {\cline }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\directlua }[1]{\text {(directlua)}}\) \(\newcommand {\luatexdirectlua }[1]{\text {(directlua)}}\) \(\newcommand {\protect }{}\) \(\def \LWRabsorbnumber #1 {}\) \(\def \LWRabsorbquotenumber "#1 {}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRabsorboption }[1][]{}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRabsorbtwooptions }[1][]{\LWRabsorboption }\) \(\def \mathchar {\ifnextchar "\LWRabsorbquotenumber \LWRabsorbnumber }\) \(\def \mathcode #1={\mathchar }\) \(\let \delcode \mathcode \) \(\let \delimiter \mathchar \) \(\let \LWRref \ref \) \(\renewcommand {\ref }{\ifstar \LWRref \LWRref }\) \(\newcommand {\intertext }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\) \(\newcommand {\mathllap }[2][]{{#1#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\mathrlap }[2][]{{#1#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\mathclap }[2][]{{#1#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\mathmbox }[1]{#1}\) \(\newcommand {\clap }[1]{#1}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRmathmakebox }[2][]{#2}\) \(\newcommand {\mathmakebox }[1][]{\LWRmathmakebox }\) \(\newcommand {\cramped }[2][]{{#1#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\crampedllap }[2][]{{#1#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\crampedrlap }[2][]{{#1#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\crampedclap }[2][]{{#1#2}}\) \(\newenvironment {crampedsubarray}[1]{}{}\) \(\newcommand {\crampedsubstack }{}\) \(\newcommand {\smashoperator }[2][]{#2\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\adjustlimits }{}\) \(\newcommand {\SwapAboveDisplaySkip }{}\) \(\require {extpfeil}\) \(\Newextarrow \xleftrightarrow {10,10}{0x2194}\) \(\Newextarrow \xLeftarrow {10,10}{0x21d0}\) \(\Newextarrow \xhookleftarrow {10,10}{0x21a9}\) \(\Newextarrow \xmapsto {10,10}{0x21a6}\) \(\Newextarrow \xRightarrow {10,10}{0x21d2}\) \(\Newextarrow \xLeftrightarrow {10,10}{0x21d4}\) \(\Newextarrow \xhookrightarrow {10,10}{0x21aa}\) \(\Newextarrow \xrightharpoondown {10,10}{0x21c1}\) \(\Newextarrow \xleftharpoondown {10,10}{0x21bd}\) \(\Newextarrow \xrightleftharpoons {10,10}{0x21cc}\) \(\Newextarrow \xrightharpoonup {10,10}{0x21c0}\) \(\Newextarrow \xleftharpoonup {10,10}{0x21bc}\) \(\Newextarrow \xleftrightharpoons {10,10}{0x21cb}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRdounderbracket }[3]{\mathinner {\underset {#3}{\underline {\llcorner {#1}\lrcorner }}}}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRunderbracket }[2][]{\LWRdounderbracket {#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\underbracket }[1][]{\LWRunderbracket }\) \(\newcommand {\LWRdooverbracket }[3]{\mathinner {\overset {#3}{\overline {\ulcorner {#1}\urcorner }}}}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRoverbracket }[2][]{\LWRdooverbracket {#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\overbracket }[1][]{\LWRoverbracket }\) \(\newcommand {\LaTeXunderbrace }[1]{\underbrace {#1}}\) \(\newcommand {\LaTeXoverbrace }[1]{\overbrace {#1}}\) \(\newenvironment {matrix*}[1][]{\begin {matrix}}{\end {matrix}}\) \(\newenvironment {pmatrix*}[1][]{\begin {pmatrix}}{\end {pmatrix}}\) \(\newenvironment {bmatrix*}[1][]{\begin {bmatrix}}{\end {bmatrix}}\) \(\newenvironment {Bmatrix*}[1][]{\begin {Bmatrix}}{\end {Bmatrix}}\) \(\newenvironment {vmatrix*}[1][]{\begin {vmatrix}}{\end {vmatrix}}\) \(\newenvironment {Vmatrix*}[1][]{\begin {Vmatrix}}{\end {Vmatrix}}\) \(\newenvironment {smallmatrix*}[1][]{\begin {matrix}}{\end {matrix}}\) \(\newenvironment {psmallmatrix*}[1][]{\begin {pmatrix}}{\end {pmatrix}}\) \(\newenvironment {bsmallmatrix*}[1][]{\begin {bmatrix}}{\end {bmatrix}}\) \(\newenvironment {Bsmallmatrix*}[1][]{\begin {Bmatrix}}{\end {Bmatrix}}\) \(\newenvironment {vsmallmatrix*}[1][]{\begin {vmatrix}}{\end {vmatrix}}\) \(\newenvironment {Vsmallmatrix*}[1][]{\begin {Vmatrix}}{\end {Vmatrix}}\) \(\newenvironment {psmallmatrix}[1][]{\begin {pmatrix}}{\end {pmatrix}}\) \(\newenvironment {bsmallmatrix}[1][]{\begin {bmatrix}}{\end {bmatrix}}\) \(\newenvironment {Bsmallmatrix}[1][]{\begin {Bmatrix}}{\end {Bmatrix}}\) \(\newenvironment {vsmallmatrix}[1][]{\begin {vmatrix}}{\end {vmatrix}}\) \(\newenvironment {Vsmallmatrix}[1][]{\begin {Vmatrix}}{\end {Vmatrix}}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRmultlined }[1][]{\begin {multline*}}\) \(\newenvironment {multlined}[1][]{\LWRmultlined }{\end {multline*}}\) \(\let \LWRorigshoveleft \shoveleft \) \(\renewcommand {\shoveleft }[1][]{\LWRorigshoveleft }\) \(\let \LWRorigshoveright \shoveright \) \(\renewcommand {\shoveright }[1][]{\LWRorigshoveright }\) \(\newenvironment {dcases}{\begin {cases}}{\end {cases}}\) \(\newenvironment {dcases*}{\begin {cases}}{\end {cases}}\) \(\newenvironment {rcases}{\begin {cases}}{\end {cases}}\) \(\newenvironment {rcases*}{\begin {cases}}{\end {cases}}\) \(\newenvironment {drcases}{\begin {cases}}{\end {cases}}\) \(\newenvironment {drcases*}{\begin {cases}}{\end {cases}}\) \(\newenvironment {cases*}{\begin {cases}}{\end {cases}}\) \(\newcommand {\MoveEqLeft }[1][]{}\) \(\def \LWRAboxed #1&#2&#3!|!{\fbox {\(#1\)}&\fbox {\(#2\)}} \newcommand {\Aboxed }[1]{\LWRAboxed #1&&!|!} \) \( \newcommand {\LWRABLines }[1][\Updownarrow ]{#1 \notag \\}\newcommand {\ArrowBetweenLines }{\ifstar \LWRABLines \LWRABLines } \) \(\newcommand {\shortintertext }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\) \(\newcommand {\vdotswithin }[1]{\hspace {.5em}\vdots }\) \(\newcommand {\LWRshortvdotswithinstar }[1]{\vdots \hspace {.5em} & \\}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRshortvdotswithinnostar }[1]{& \hspace {.5em}\vdots \\}\) \(\newcommand {\shortvdotswithin }{\ifstar \LWRshortvdotswithinstar \LWRshortvdotswithinnostar }\) \(\newcommand {\MTFlushSpaceAbove }{}\) \(\newcommand {\MTFlushSpaceBelow }{\\}\) \(\newcommand \lparen {(}\) \(\newcommand \rparen {)}\) \(\newcommand {\ordinarycolon }{:}\) \(\newcommand {\vcentcolon }{\mathrel {\unicode {x2236}}}\) \(\newcommand \dblcolon {\mathrel {\unicode {x2237}}}\) \(\newcommand \coloneqq {\mathrel {\unicode {x2236}\!=}}\) \(\newcommand \Coloneqq {\mathrel {\unicode {x2237}\!=}}\) \(\newcommand \coloneq {\mathrel {\unicode {x2236}-}}\) \(\newcommand \Coloneq {\mathrel {\unicode {x2237}-}}\) \(\newcommand \eqqcolon {\mathrel {=\!\unicode {x2236}}}\) \(\newcommand \Eqqcolon {\mathrel {=\!\unicode {x2237}}}\) \(\newcommand \eqcolon {\mathrel {-\unicode {x2236}}}\) \(\newcommand \Eqcolon {\mathrel {-\unicode {x2237}}}\) \(\newcommand \colonapprox {\mathrel {\unicode {x2236}\!\approx }}\) \(\newcommand \Colonapprox {\mathrel {\unicode {x2237}\!\approx }}\) \(\newcommand \colonsim {\mathrel {\unicode {x2236}\!\sim }}\) \(\newcommand \Colonsim {\mathrel {\unicode {x2237}\!\sim }}\) \(\newcommand {\nuparrow }{\mathrel {\cancel {\uparrow }}}\) \(\newcommand {\ndownarrow }{\mathrel {\cancel {\downarrow }}}\) \(\newcommand {\bigtimes }{\mathop {\Large \times }\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\prescript }[3]{{}^{#1}_{#2}#3}\) \(\newenvironment {lgathered}{\begin {gathered}}{\end {gathered}}\) \(\newenvironment {rgathered}{\begin {gathered}}{\end {gathered}}\) \(\newcommand {\splitfrac }[2]{{}^{#1}_{#2}}\) \(\let \splitdfrac \splitfrac \) \(\newcommand {\mC }{\mathbb C}\) \(\newcommand {\mR }{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand {\mN }{\mathbb N}\) \(\newcommand {\mZ }{\mathbb Z}\) \(\newcommand {\mL }{\mathcal L}\) \(\newcommand {\mF }{\mathcal F}\) \(\newcommand {\ipd }[2]{\langle #1 , #2 \rangle }\) \(\newcommand {\Ipd }[2]{\left \langle #1 , #2 \right \rangle }\) \(\newcommand {\sbm }[1]{\left [\begin {smallmatrix}#1\end {smallmatrix}\right ]}\) \(\newcommand {\bbm }[1]{\begin {bmatrix}#1\end {bmatrix}}\) \(\newcommand {\re }{{\rm Re}}\) \(\newcommand {\imag }{{\rm Im}}\) \(\newcommand {\e }{{\rm e}}\) \(\newcommand {\HS }{{\rm HS}}\) \(\newcommand {\cl }{{\rm cl}}\) \(\newcommand {\wt }{\widetilde {w}}\) \(\newcommand {\zt }{\widetilde {z}}\) \(\newcommand {\xu }{\underline {x}}\) \(\newcommand {\uu }{\underline {u}}\) \(\DeclareMathOperator {\vecc }{vec}\) \(\DeclareMathOperator {\trace }{trace}\) \(\)