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The
principal
research interests of our group fall into the three interrelated research
areas of environmental, analytical and water sciences. We are particularly
interested in water pollution and novel technologies used to decrease contamination of water. Our
recent interests are related to urban water and human epidemiology. |
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Emerging
micropollutants in the environment Emerging environmental contaminants including pharmaceuticals,
illicit drugs, personal care products and endocrine disruptors are a group of
compounds without well understood occurrence, fate and effects in the
environment and human h-ealth but with the potential to cause such effects.
Our research concentrates on identifying new micropollutants in environmental
matrices, understanding their fate in the environment and identifying their
possible effects on humans and the environment. This includes the development
of new analytical methodology primarily utilising liquid chromatography
coupled with mass spectrometry to identify and quantify micropollutants and
their transformation products at low ppt levels. Selected publications: Petrie,
B., Barden, R. and Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., 2015. A
review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment
: current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future
monitoring. Water Research, 72, pp. 3-27. Petrie,
B., Camacho-Munoz,
M., Castrignano, E., Evans,
S. and Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., 2015. Chiral
Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Environmental
Analysis of Pharmacologically Active Compounds. LCGC Europe, 2 (28), p. 151. Evans,
S. E., Davies, P., Lubben,
A. and Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., 2015.
Forthcoming. Determination
of chiral pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater and sludge using
microwave assisted extraction, solid-phase extraction and chiral liquid
chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 882, pp.
112-126. Vazquez-Roig,
P., Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Blasco, C. and Picó, Y., 2014.Stereoisomeric profiling of drugs of
abuse and pharmaceuticals in wastewaters of Valencia (Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 494-495, pp. 49-57. Petrie, B. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2014. Water Quality Goes Down the Drains. The
environmental impact of pharmaceutical drugs. AWE International, May 2014. Evans, S. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2014. Applications of chiral chromatography coupled
with mass spectrometry in the analysis of chiral pharmaceuticals in the
environment. Trends in Environmental Analytical
Chemistry, 1 (1), 1. Bagnall,
J., Malia, L., Lubben, A. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2013. Stereoselective biodegradation of amphetamine and
methamphetamine in river microcosms. Water
Research. 47 (15), pp.
5708-5718. Baker, D. R. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2013. Spatial
and temporal occurrence of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in the aqueous
environment and during wastewater treatment: New developments. Science
of the Total Environment, 454-455, pp. 442-456. López-Serna, R., Kasprzyk-Hordern, B.,
Petrović, M. and Barceló, D., 2013. Multi-residue
enantiomeric analysis of pharmaceuticals and their active metabolites in the
Guadalquivir River basin (South Spain) by chiral liquid chromatography
coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical
and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 405
(18), pp. 5859-5873. Bagnall, J.P., Evans, S.E., Wort, M.T., Lubben, A.T.
and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2012. Using
chiral liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for
the analysis of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in surface and wastewater
at the enantiomeric level. Journal of Chromatography A, 1249, pp. 115-129. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B. and Baker, D. R., 2012. Enantiomeric
profiling of chiral drugs in wastewater and receiving waters. Environmental
Science & Technology, 46 (3), pp. 1681-1691. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2010. Pharmacologically
active compounds in the environment and their chirality. Chemical
Society Reviews, 39 (11), pp. 4466-4503. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Dinsdale, R. M. and Guwy, A.
J., 2009. The
removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and
illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of
receiving waters. Water
Research, 43 (2), pp. 363-380. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Dinsdale, R. M. and Guwy, A.
J., 2008. The
occurrence of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors
and illicit drugs in surface water in South Wales, UK. Water Research, 42 (13), pp. 3498-3518. Chiral pollutants The enantiomers of chiral compounds can differ in interactions
with chiral environments such as enzymes in the body. Therefore in biological
systems they can be recognised as two different substances that elicit
different responses: one enantiomer of the same drug may produce the desired
therapeutic activity, while the other may be inactive or even toxic. The
ratio of active/inactive enantiomer of the chiral drug can change
significantly after its administration, metabolism in and excretion from the
body. It can be subsequently altered during biological wastewater treatment
and when the drug is already present in the environment. Biological processes
can lead to stereoselective enrichment or depletion of enantiomeric
composition of chiral drugs. Therefore the very same drug might reveal
different activity and toxicity and this will depend on its origin and
exposure to several factors governing its fate in the environment. Existing reports on the presence and
fate of pharmacologically active compounds, due to their non-enantioselective
analysis, do not tackle the problem of their chirality. As a result, current
understanding of environmental fate and effects of chiral drugs is limited,
might be inaccurate and misleading, as it incorrectly assumes that enantiomers
have identical environmental behaviour and toxicity. Therefore to understand
and predict the mechanisms governing the fate of chiral drugs, their possible
toxicity and impact on the environment, determination of enantiomeric
composition of chiral drugs in environmental matrices is essential and
constitutes a vital part of our research. This involves also the development
of analytical methods capable of enantiomeric separation of chiral drugs and
their application in environmental context. Selected publications: Petrie,
B., Camacho-Munoz,
M., Castrignano, E., Evans,
S. and Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., 2015. Chiral
Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Environmental
Analysis of Pharmacologically Active Compounds. LCGC Europe, 2 (28), p. 151. Evans,
S. E., Davies, P., Lubben,
A. and Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., 2015.
Forthcoming. Determination
of chiral pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater and sludge using
microwave assisted extraction, solid-phase extraction and chiral liquid
chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 882, pp.
112-126. Vazquez-Roig,
P., Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Blasco, C. and Picó, Y., 2014.Stereoisomeric profiling of drugs of
abuse and pharmaceuticals in wastewaters of Valencia (Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 494-495, pp. 49-57. Evans, S. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2014. Applications of chiral chromatography coupled
with mass spectrometry in the analysis of chiral pharmaceuticals in the environment. Trends in Environmental Analytical
Chemistry, 1 (1), 1. Bagnall,
J., Malia, L., Lubben, A. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2013. Stereoselective
biodegradation of amphetamine and methamphetamine in river microcosms. Water
Research 47 (15), pp.
5708-5718. López-Serna, R., Kasprzyk-Hordern, B.,
Petrović, M. and Barceló, D., 2013. Multi-residue
enantiomeric analysis of pharmaceuticals and their active metabolites in the
Guadalquivir River basin (South Spain) by chiral liquid chromatography
coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical
and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 405
(18), pp. 5859-5873. Bagnall,
J.P., Evans, S.E., Wort, M.t., Lubben, A.T. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2012. Using
chiral liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for
the analysis of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in surface and wastewater
at the enantiomeric level. Journal
of Chromatography A, 1249, pp. 115-129. Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B. and Baker, D. R., 2012. Estimation
of community-wide drugs use via stereoselective profiling of sewage. Science
of the Total Environment, 423, pp. 142-150. Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B. and Baker, D. R., 2012. Enantiomeric
profiling of chiral drugs in wastewater and receiving waters. Environmental
Science & Technology, 46 (3), pp. 1681-1691. Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., 2010. Pharmacologically
active compounds in the environment and their chirality. Chemical
Society Reviews, 39 (11), pp. 4466-4503. Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., Kondakal, V. V. R. and Baker, D. R., 2010. Enantiomeric
analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater by chiral liquid chromatography
coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Journal
of Chromatography A, 1217 (27), pp. 4575-4586. |
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ENVIRONMENTAL
EPIDEMIOLOGY |
Environmental
epidemiology Wastewater-based
epidemiology is a newly-emerging interdisciplinary field with a potential to
provide an integrated real-time profiling of community-wide health and
lifestyle through the analysis of human biomarkers in wastewater. The
innovative research strategy of obtaining epidemiological information from wastewater
is currently used to determine illicit drug use trends at community level via
the analysis of urinary biomarkers in wastewater. Selected publications: Yang, Z., Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., Frost,
C., Estrela,
P. and Thomas, K. V.,
2015. Community
Sewage Sensors for Monitoring Public Health. Environmental Science & Technology, 49 (10),
pp. 5845-5846. Yang,
Z., Anglčs d'Auriac, M., Goggins, S., Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., Thomas, K. V., Frost,
C. G. and Estrela,
P., 2015. A novel
DNA biosensor using a ferrocenyl intercalator applied to the potential detection of human
population biomarkers in wastewater. Environmental Science & Technology, 49 (9),
pp. 5609-17. Yang,
Z., Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., Goggins, S., Frost,
C. and Estrela,
P., 2015. A novel
immobilization strategy for electrochemical detection of cancer biomarkers:
DNA-directed immobilization of aptamer sensors for
sensitive detection of prostate specific antigen. Analyst, 140 (8), pp. 2628-2633. Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., Bijlsma, L., Castiglioni, S., Covaci, A., de Voogt, P., Emke, E., Hernandez, F., Ort, C.,Reid, M., van Nuijs, A. and Thomas, K.,
2014. Wastewater-based epidemiology for public health monitoring. Water and Sewerage Journal, 4, p. 25. Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., Bijlsma,
L., Castiglioni,
S., Covaci,
A., de
Voogt, P., Emke,
E., Hernandez,
F., Ort,
C.,Reid,
M., van
Nuijs, A. and Thimas,
K., 2014. Wastewater-based epidemiology the
concept and historical perspectives. Environmental
Industry Magazine, 33, pp. 145-151. Ort, C., Banta-Green, C., Bijlsma,
L., Castiglioni,
S., Emke,
E., Gartner, C., Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., Reid, M. J., Rieckermann,
J. and van Nuijs, A. L. N., 2014. Sewage-based epidemiology requires a
truly transdisciplinary approach. GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for
Science and Society, 23 (3), pp. 266-268. Vazquez-Roig,
P., Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Blasco, C. and Picó, Y., 2014.Stereoisomeric profiling of drugs of
abuse and pharmaceuticals in wastewaters of Valencia (Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 494-495, pp. 49-57. Emke, E., Evans, S., Kasprzyk-Hordern, B. and de Voogt, P.,
2014. Enantiomer profiling of high loads of amphetamine
and MDMA in communal sewage : A Dutch perspective. Science of the Total Environment, 487, pp. 666-672. Jones, H.E., Hickman, M., Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Welton, N.J., Baker, D.R. and Ades, A.E., 2014. Illicit and pharmaceutical drug consumption
estimated via wastewater analysis. Part B: Placing back-calculations in a
formal statistical framework : Placing
back-calculations in a formal statistical framework. Science of the Total Environment, 487, pp. 642-650. Ort, C., van Nuijs, A. L. N., Berset, J.-D., Bijlsma, L., Castiglioni, S., Covaci, A., de Voogt, P., Emke, E., Fatta-Kassino, D.,
Griffiths, P., Hernández, F., González-Marińo, I., Grabic, R., Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Mastroianni,
N., Meierjohann, A., Nefau,
T., Östman, M., Pico, Y., Racamonde,
I., Reid, M., Slobodnik, J., Terzic,
S., Thomaidis, N. and Thomas, K. V., 2014. Spatial differences and temporal changes in
illicit drug use in Europe quantified by wastewater analysis. Addiction, 109 (8), pp. 1338-1352. Castiglioni, S., Griffiths, P., Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Me, A. and Thomas, K. V., 2014.
Forthcoming. Special Issue. Testing the waters
: a selection of papers from the first international multidisciplinary
conference on detecting illicit drugs in wastewater. Science of the Total Environment Baker, D. R., Barron, L. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2014. Illicit and pharmaceutical drug consumption
estimated via wastewater analysis. Part A : chemical
analysis and drug use estimates. Science of the Total Environment, 487, pp. 629-641. Castiglioni, S., Thomas, K. V., Kasprzyk-hordern, B., Vandam, L. and Griffiths, P., 2014. Testing wastewater to detect illicit drugs : State of the art, potential and research needs. Science of the Total Environment, 487, pp. 613-620. Baker, D. R. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2013. Spatial
and temporal occurrence of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in the aqueous
environment and during wastewater treatment: New developments. Science
of the Total Environment, 454-455, pp. 442-456. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B. and Baker, D. R., 2012. Estimation
of community-wide drugs use via stereoselective profiling of sewage. Science of the Total Environment, 423, pp.
142-150. Thomas, K.V., Bijlsma, L., Castiglioni, S.,
Covaci, A., Emke, E., Grabic, R., Hernández, F., Karolak, S., Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., Lindberg, R.H., Lopez de Alda, M., Meierjohann, A., Ort, C., Pico, Y.,
Quintana, J.B., Reid, M., Rieckermann, J., Terzic, S., van Nuijs, A.L.N. and
de Voogt, P., 2012. Comparing
illicit drug use in 19 European cities through sewage analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 432, pp.
432-439. Baker, D.R., Očenáková, V., Kvicalova, M.
and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2012. Drugs
of abuse in wastewater and suspended particulate matter :
Further developments in sewage epidemiology. Environment International, 48, pp. 28-38. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Dinsdale, R. M. and Guwy,
A. J., 2009. Illicit
drugs and pharmaceuticals in the environment - Forensic applications of
environmental data. Part 1: Estimation of the usage of drugs in local
communities. Environmental Pollution, 157 (6), pp. 1773-1777. Chemical markers
of water contamination Pharmacologically active compounds and personal care products
used as chemical markers can be a good alternative for the verification of
water contamination with sewage, which currently is determined using
time-consuming microbial indicators, which lack selectivity. Selected publications: Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Dinsdale, R. M. and Guwy,
A. J., 2009. Illicit
drugs and pharmaceuticals in the environment - Forensic applications of
environmental data, Part 2: Pharmaceuticals as chemical markers of faecal
water contamination. Environmental Pollution, 157 (6), pp. 1778-1786. |
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WATER QUALITY/ WATER
TREATMENT |
Catalytic ozonation in water treatment Ozone, due to its high oxidation and disinfection potential, has
received much attention in water treatment technology. It is applied in order
to improve taste and colour as well as to remove the organic and inorganic
compounds in water. Despite the several advantages of using ozone, it has a
few disadvantages which limit its application. The main ones are: relatively
low solubility and stability in water. Because of both the high cost of ozone
production and only partial oxidation of organic compounds present in water,
the application of ozonation might not be feasible from an economic point of
view. Advanced oxidation processes such as O3/H2O2,
UV/O3, UV/H2O2, TiO2/UV, Fentons
reagents and catalytic ozonation involve the generation of hydroxyl radicals,
which are active oxidative species. However, their reactions are not
selective and therefore more likely to be hindered by competitive reactions.
For that reason, it is also desirable to investigate new methods based on
molecular ozone reactions, which allow for both better ozone dissolution and
stability in water due to the presence of non-polar materials such as:
non-polar fluorinated hydrocarbon solvent or perfluorinated alumina. We are
currently investigating the application of metal oxides and zeolites as
heterogeneous catalysts for the ozonation of common water micropollutants. Selected publications: Ikhlaq, A., Brown, D. R. and Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., 2015. Catalytic
ozonation for the removal of organic contaminants in water on alumina. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 165, pp.
408-418. Ikhlaq, A., Brown, D. R. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2014. Catalytic ozonation for the removal of organic
contaminants in water on ZSM-5 zeolites. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 154-155, pp. 110-122. Ikhlaq, A., Brown, D. R. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B.,
2013. Mechanisms
of catalytic ozonation: An investigation into superoxide ion radical and
hydrogen peroxide formation during catalytic ozonation on alumina and
zeolites in water. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 129, pp.
437-449. Ikhlaq, A., Brown, D. R. and Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., 2012. Mechanisms
of catalytic ozonation on alumina and zeolites in water: Formation of
hydroxyl radicals. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 123-124, pp.
94-106. Nawrocki, J. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2010. The
efficiency and mechanisms of catalytic ozonation. Applied Catalysis B-Environmental, 99 (1-2), pp.
27-42. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Raczyk-Stanislawiak, U.,
Swietlik, J. and Nawrocki, J., 2006. Catalytic
ozonation of natural organic matter on alumina. Applied Catalysis B-Environmental, 62 (3-4), pp.
345-358. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Andrzejewski, P. and
Nawrocki, J., 2005. Catalytic
ozonation of gasoline compounds in model and natural water in the presence of
perfluorinated alumina bonded phases. Ozone-Science & Engineering, 27 (4), pp.
301-310. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2004. Chemistry
of alumina, reactions in aqueous solution and its application in water
treatment. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 110
(1-2), pp. 19-48. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Andrzejewski, P.,
Dabrowska, A., Czaczyk, K. and Nawrocki, J., 2004. MTBE,
DIPE, ETBE and TAME degradation in water using perfluorinated phases as
catalysts for ozonation process. Applied Catalysis B-Environmental, 51 (1), pp.
51-66. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Dabrowska, A., Swietlik, J.
and Nawrocki, J., 2004. Ozonation
enhancement with nonpolar bonded alumina phases. Ozone-Science & Engineering, 26 (4), pp.
367-380. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Dabrowska, A., Swietlik, J.
and Nawrocki, J., 2004. The
application of the perfluorinated bonded alumina phase for natural organic
matter catalytic ozonation. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science,
3 (1), pp. 41-50. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Ziolek, M. and Nawrocki,
J., 2003. Catalytic
ozonation and methods of enhancing molecular ozone reactions in water
treatment. Applied Catalysis B-Environmental, 46 (4), pp.
639-669. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B. and Nawrocki, J., 2003. The
feasibility of using a perfluorinated bonded alumina phase in the ozonation
process. Ozone-Science & Engineering, 25 (3), pp.
185-197. |
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY |
We develop methods utilising primarily chromatographic techniques
and mass spectrometry aiming at environmental and forensic applications. We
are also interested in new approaches to sample preparation. Selected publications: Petrie,
B., Camacho-Munoz,
M., Castrignano, E., Evans,
S. and Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., 2015. Chiral
Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Environmental
Analysis of Pharmacologically Active Compounds. LCGC Europe, 2 (28), p. 151. Evans,
S. E., Davies, P., Lubben,
A. and Kasprzyk-Hordern,
B., 2015.
Forthcoming. Determination
of chiral pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater and sludge using
microwave assisted extraction, solid-phase extraction and chiral liquid
chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 882, pp.
112-126. Evans, S. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2014. Applications of chiral chromatography coupled
with mass spectrometry in the analysis of chiral pharmaceuticals in the
environment. Trends in Environmental Analytical
Chemistry, 1 (1), 1. López-Serna, R., Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Petrović, M.
and Barceló, D., 2013. Multi-residue
enantiomeric analysis of pharmaceuticals and their active metabolites in the
Guadalquivir River basin (South Spain) by chiral liquid chromatography
coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 405
(18), pp. 5859-5873. Bagnall, J.P., Evans, S.E., Wort, M.T., Lubben,
A.T. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2012. Using
chiral liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for
the analysis of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in surface and wastewater
at the enantiomeric level. Journal of Chromatography A, 1249, pp. 115-129. Baker, D. R. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2011. Critical
evaluation of methodology commonly used in sample collection, storage and
preparation for the analysis of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in surface
water and wastewater by solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass
spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218 (44), pp.
8036-8059. Baker, D. R. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2011. Multi-residue
determination of the sorption of illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals to
wastewater suspended particulate matter using pressurised liquid extraction,
solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass
spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218 (44), pp.
7901-7913. Baker, D. R. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2011. Multi-residue
analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater and surface water by solid-phase
extraction and liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionisation tandem
mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218 (12), pp.
1620-1631. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Kondakal, V. V. R. and
Baker, D. R., 2010. Enantiomeric
analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater by chiral liquid chromatography
coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217 (27), pp.
4575-4586. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Dinsdale, R. M. and Guwy,
A. J., 2008. Multiresidue methods
for the analysis of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and illicit drugs
in surface water and wastewater by solid-phase extraction and ultra
performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 391 (4),
pp. 1293-1308. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Dinsdale, R. M. and Guwy,
A. J., 2008. The
effect of signal suppression and mobile phase composition on the simultaneous
analysis of multiple classes of acidic/neutral pharmaceuticals and personal
care products in surface water by solid-phase extraction and ultra
performance liquid chromatography-negative electrospray tandem mass
spectrometry. Talanta, 74 (5), pp. 1299-1312. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Dinsdale, R. M. and Guwy,
A. J., 2007. Multi-residue
method for the determination of basic/neutral pharmaceuticals and illicit
drugs in surface water by solid-phase extraction and ultra performance liquid
chromatography-positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1161 (1-2), pp.
132-145. |
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Dr Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern, University
of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Bath BA2 &AY, UK, mailto:B.Kasprzyk-Hordern@bath.ac.uk