M216: Exercise sheet 2
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1. Let \(U,W\leq V\) be subspaces of a vector space \(V\).
When is \(U\cup W\) also a subspace of \(V\)?
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2. Let \(V,W\) be vector spaces, \(\lst {v}1n\) a basis of \(V\) and \(\lst {w}1n\) a list of vectors in \(W\). Let \(\phi :V\to W\) be the unique linear map with
\(\seteqnumber{0}{}{0}\)\begin{equation*} \phi (v_i)=w_i, \end{equation*}
for all \(1\leq i\leq n\). Show:
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(a) \(\phi \) injects if and only if \(\lst {w}1n\) is linearly independent.
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(b) \(\phi \) surjects if and only if \(\lst {w}1n\) spans \(W\).
Deduce that \(\phi \) is an isomorphism if and only if \(\lst {w}1n\) is a basis for \(W\).
Homework
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3. Let \(V\) be a vector space. A linear map \(\pi :V\to V\) is called a projection if \(\pi \circ \pi =\pi \).
In this case, prove that \(\ker \pi \cap \im \pi =\set {0}\) and deduce that \(V=\ker \pi \oplus \im \pi \).
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4. Let \(U_1,U_2,U_3\leq \R ^3\) be the \(1\)-dimensional subspaces spanned by \((1,2,0)\), \((1,1,1)\) and \((2,3,1)\) respectively.
Which of the following sums are direct?
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(a) \(U_i+U_j\), for \(1\leq i<j\leq 3\).
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(b) \(U_1+U_2+U_3\).
Additional questions
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5. Let \(V_1,V_2,V_3\leq V\). Which of the following statements are true? (In each case, give a proof or a counter-example.)
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(a) \(V_1+(V_2\cap V_3)=(V_1+V_2)\cap (V_1+V_3)\).
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(b) \(V_1\cap (V_2+V_3)=(V_1\cap V_2)+(V_1\cap V_3)\).
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(c) \((V_1\cap V_2)+(V_1\cap V_3)\subseteq V_1\cap (V_2+V_3)\).
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6. Let \(V_1,V_1',V_2\leq V\) and suppose that \(V=V_1\oplus V_2\) and \(V=V_1'\oplus V_2\).
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(a) Must \(V_1=V_1'\)?
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(b) Are \(V_1\) and \(V_1'\) isomorphic?
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Warmup questions
Please hand in at 4W level 1 by NOON on Friday 20th October
M216: Exercise sheet 2—Solutions
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1. If \(U\subseteq W\) then \(U\cup W=W\) is a subspace and similarly if \(W\subseteq U\). In any other case, \(U\cup W\) is not a subspace: we can find \(u\in U\setminus W\) and \(w\in W\setminus U\) and then \(u+w\notin U\) (else \(w=(u+w)-u\in U\)) and similarly \(u+w\notin W\). Thus \(U\cup W\) is not closed under addition.
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2.
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(a) \(\lc {\lambda }w1n=0\) if and only if \(\lc {\lambda }v1n\in \ker \phi \). Thus \(\lst {w}1n\) is linearly independent if and only if \(\phi \) has trivial kernel.
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(b) \(\phi \) surjects if and only if any \(w\in W\) can be written \(w=\phi (v)\), or equivalently,
\(\seteqnumber{0}{}{0}\)\begin{equation*} w=\phi (\lc {\lambda }v1n)=\lc {\lambda }{w}1n, \end{equation*}
for some \(\lambda _i\), \(1\leq i\leq n\).
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3. Let \(v\in \ker \pi \cap \im \pi \). Then there is \(w\in V\) such that \(v=\pi (w)\) since \(v\in \im \pi \). But \(v\in \ker \pi \) also so that
\(\seteqnumber{0}{}{0}\)\begin{equation*} 0=\pi (v)=\pi (\pi (w))=\pi (w)=v. \end{equation*}
Thus \(\ker \pi \cap \im \pi =\set {0}\) so it remains to show that \(V=\ker \pi +\im \pi \). For this, write \(v=(v-\pi (v))+\pi (v)\). The second summand is certainly in \(\im \pi \) while
\(\seteqnumber{0}{}{0}\)\begin{equation*} \pi (v-\pi (v))=\pi (v)-\pi (\pi (v))=\pi (v)-\pi (v)=0 \end{equation*}
so the first is in \(\ker \pi \) and we are done.
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4.
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(a) All these sums are direct as each \(U_i\cap U_j=\set 0\).
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(b) Note that \((2,3,1)=(1,2,0)+(1,1,1)\) and so can be written in two different ways as a sum \(u_1+u_2+u_3\), with each \(u_{i}\in U_{i}\):
\(\seteqnumber{0}{}{0}\)\begin{gather*} (1,2,0)+(1,1,1)+(0,0,0)\\ (0,0,0)+(0,0,0)+(2,3,1). \end{gather*} Thus \(U_1+U_2+U_3\) is not a direct sum.
This shows us that \(U_i\cap U_j=\set 0\), \(i\neq j\), is not enough to force \(U_1+U_2+U_3\) to be direct.
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5.
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(a) This is false: take \(V_1,V_2,V_3\leq \R ^2\) to be the subspaces spanned at \((1,0)\), \((0,1)\) and \((1,1)\) respectively. Then any \(V_i+V_j=\R ^2\) and \(V_i\cap V_j=\set {0}\), for \(i\neq j\). Now the left side is \(V_1+\set {0}=V_1\) while the right is \(\R ^2\cap \R ^2=\R ^2\).
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(b) This is also false. With the same \(V_i\) as in part (a), the left side is \(V_1\cap \R ^2=V_1\) while the right is \(\set {0}+\set {0}=\set {0}\).
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(c) This is true: \(V_2,V_3\leq V_2+V_3\) so that \(V_1\cap V_2, V_1\cap V_3\leq V_1\cap (V_2+V_3)\). It now follows from Proposition 2.1 that \((V_1\cap V_2)+(V_1\cap V_3)\subseteq V_1\cap (V_2+V_3)\).
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6.
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(a) No: a given \(V_2\) has many complements. For example, take \(V=\R ^2\), \(V_2\) to be spanned by \((1,0)\) and then \(V_1,V_1'\) to be spanned by \((0,1)\) and \((1,1)\) respectively.
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(b) This is true. For example, consider the projection \(\pi _1\) with image \(V_1\) and kernel \(V_2\) and restrict this to \(V_1'\) to get a linear map \(V_1'\to V_1\). Then \(\ker (\pi _1{}_{|V_1'})=\ker \pi _1\cap V_1'=V_2\cap V_1'=\set {0}\) so that \(\pi _1{}_{|V_1'}\) injects. Moreover, for \(v_1\in V_1\), write \(v_1=v_1'+v_2\) with \(v_1'\in V_1'\) and \(v_2\in V_2\). Then \(v_1=\pi (v_1)=\pi _1(v_1'+v_2)=\pi _1(v_1')\) so that \(\pi _1{}_{|V_1'}:V_1'\to V_1\) surjects also and so is an isomorphism.
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